Bitcoin miner reference designation

This is accomplished without the intermediation of any single, central authority, as long as mining is decentralized. Instead, multiple bitcoin miner reference designation exist in the form of computer servers running bitcoin software. By connecting over the Internet, these servers form a network that anyone can join. Transactions of the form: Bitcoin servers can validate these transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other servers.

Approximately six times per hour, a group of accepted transactions, a block, is added to the block chain, which is quickly published to all network nodes.

This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin amount has been spent, a novel solution for preventing double-spends in a peer-to-peer environment with no bitcoin miner reference designation authority. Whereas a conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or bitcoin miner reference designation notes that exist apart from it, the block chain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to exist.

To independently verify the chain-of-ownership of any and every bitcoin amount, full-featured bitcoin software stores its own copy of the block chain. Miners may be located anywhere in the world; they process payments by verifying each transaction as valid and adding it to the block chain. Today, bitcoin miner reference designation processing is rewarded with 25 newly created bitcoins per block added to the block chain.

To bitcoin miner reference designation the reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included with the processed payments. All bitcoins in circulation can be traced back to such coinbase transactions. The bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be halved approximately every four years. Eventually, the reward will be bitcoin miner reference designation entirely when an arbitrary limit of 21 million bitcoins is reached circaand transaction processing will then be rewarded by transaction fees solely.

The most efficient mining hardware makes use of custom designed application- specific integrated circuits ASICwhich outperform general purpose CPUs and use less power as well. Without access to these purpose built machines, a bitcoin miner is bitcoin miner reference designation to earn enough to even cover the cost of the electricity used in his or her efforts.

All the transactions are signed using a Merkle Tree implementation and the signature is embedded in the block header, the block header also needs to be signed by double hash that meets certain conditions in order to become a valid signature that is accepted by the network.

A Merkle tree bitcoin miner reference designation constructed by recursively hashing pairs of nodes until there is only one hash, called the root, or Merkle root. The header is the heart of all the bitcoin mining mechanism and is used in order to secure the bitcoin by design as well as driving bitcoin mining efforts. Every miner gets a header to sign from a pool which distributes headers to a group of miners.

The miner needs to perform the following Hash function in order to find a signature of the header as shown in Equation 1 below:. After finding the signature, the miner can know if the header is a valid header and can be sent to the network as a successful transaction. There are very rare cases where the header is valid. The target is a bit number extremely large that all Bitcoin clients share. The SHA hash of a block's header must be lower than or equal to the current target for the block to be accepted by the network.

The lower the target, the more difficult it is to generate a block. SHA is calculated over chunks bitcoin miner reference designation bits. The block header can be divided to two chunks adding a padding field of b.

The first chunk Chunk 1 includes the version, the previous block hash and a main portion for example, bits out of bits of the Merkle root hash. The second chunk Chunk 2 may include a bitcoin miner reference designation portion of the Merkle root hash for example, 32 bitsthe timestamp, bits, nonce and the padding field. The version and the padding sections are constant.

The previous block hash, the timestamp and the bits sections are changed for each new block header. The Merkle root hash can be changed by bitcoin miner reference designation miner within a given header by influencing the Merkle root and the nonce is the dynamic portion which is scanned bitcoin miner reference designation the miner in order to look for the signature.

The first chunk is hashed first, providing the mid-state hash HO. The mid-state HO is calculated once per header, usually by the host computer. The next two hashes are the performance calculations and may be carried out by hardware acceleration. The Merkle root can be manipulated by adding a coinbase transaction to the network transactions. As mentioned above, a coinbase transaction belongs to the miner and can be used to get the mining fees.

In known engine implementations, the engine toggles every clock and the power consumption is split between the logic and the flop flops more or less evenly. The flip flop power is dictated by the shift between stages of the engine. In the known implementations, the shift between stages happens every clock cycle and is a significant contributor to the overall power bitcoin miner reference designation, as well as the repeating data processing.

In some embodiments of the present invention, X is equal 16, and wherein each data word is of 32 bits. In some embodiments of the present invention, each column may include up to four different input data blocks in process. In some embodiments of the present invention, the bitcoin miner reference designation is further configured to provide to a row in said array arrangement, in each clock cycle, multiplexed values from previous rows, to demultiplex the multiplexed values in order to create a new data word in a selected column, and to generate multiplexed word values by multiplexing data words of the row, for generating new words in following rows.

The engine may be further configured to provide to a row in said array arrangement, in each clock cycle, multiplexed values from previous rows, to demultiplex the multiplexed values in order to create a new state word in a selected column, and to generate multiplexed word values by multiplexing state words of the row, for generating new words in following rows.

In this regard, bitcoin miner reference designation attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. The invention is applicable to other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in bitcoin miner reference designation ways.

Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Engine 10 includes an input module 50, a process module 52, memory 54, a clock module 56 and an output module As mentioned above, a SHA hash function is used for the signature calculation.

In the SHA process, input data block is provided see more detailed description with reference to Figures via input module Input data block may be stored in memory Process module 52 may then perform on input data block a SHA- hash logic function, which includes an algorithm of 64 repetitive stages, and which produces a signature. The SHE hash function is performed by a clocked engine, wherein a stage of hash engine 10 is performed in each clock cycle provided by clock module In the SHA- process, input data block is provided, and by a repetitive algorithm of 64 stages that are performed based on input data blocka signature is produced.

Input data block and bitcoin miner reference designation of the induced data blocks are bits data blocks, each includes 16 words "W"s of 32 bits. The logic of W pipeline 24 generates an induced data block every bitcoin miner reference designation, by generating a new W15 by a function of words W0, WlW9 and W14 of the previous data block. The rest of the words of the induced data block are produced by shifting W1-W15 of the previous block to W0-W14 of the induced block, respectively.

A first state is produced based on W0 of input data block Each of the following states is produced in the respective stage based on the previous state and on the first word, i.

W0, of the respective induced data block of the respective stage. For example, a state [i] is produced in stage [i] based on state [i-1] and on W0[i] of data block [i]. Therefore, the overall power consumption of bitcoin miner reference designation Bitcoin mining engine is reduced. Such implementation is called herein "the waterfall implementation", and it may be applied to the W section 24 as well as to the state section In the waterfall implementation, instead of creating a data block of 16 words in each stage, the data words may be arranged in succession In the implementation of Figure 5, the words are arranged in one column.

On each cycle, a new W is created according to the previous 16 words. As explained in reference to Figure 3, input data block that includes the first 16 words is provided. The first word W0 is sampled by state section 22 for generation of the first state. The seventeenth word W16 is created based on the first, second, tenth and fourteenth words W0, WlW9 and W14for example as described in detail herein above.

On the next cycle, W0 becomes irrelevant and data is taken from W1-W16 instead of W0-W15, respectively, to produce the bitcoin miner reference designation word W17 and the corresponding state in the state section. Then, Wl becomes irrelevant and words W2-W17 are used, and so on. This process is called herein a waterfall process. After 16 cycles the waterfall process continues with words W W31 and the first 16 words W0-W15 are irrelevant.

At this stage, a new data block of 16 words can enter the W waterfall. Therefore, in this implementation, bitcoin miner reference designation new job can enter the W waterfall every 16 cycles.

Since only one word of 32 bits changes every cycle, power is saved. In the W waterfall array implementation, 16 columns 70 of W waterfalls are set in an array format, wherein a new job, i.

After sixteen cycles, the first 16 words of the first column are irrelevant, as described in detail above, and a new job can be entered to the first column, taking the place of bitcoin miner reference designation first 16 words. In the next cycle, a new job can be entered to the second column, and so on. When bitcoin miner reference designation job that entered gets to word W63, after 64 cycles, a column maintains four jobs, one in the places of words W0-W15, one in the places of words W W31one in the places of words WW47 and one in the places of words WW In order to provide performance of a new job per cycle instead of job per 16 cycles, 16 columns are used so a new job can be inserted in the place of words W0-W15 of another column in each cycle.

When a processed job reaches W63, a signature may be produced and the process of this job ends. In this implementation, the data words are arranged in rows 80 row[0]-row[63]such that the words W0 of all the 16 processed jobs are in row 0 and so on, i.

On each cycle, the subsequent column i in row k is selected until the end of row k is reached after 16 cycles and so forth. This structure allows insertion of a new job every cycle, each time to a next column. A and E are generated every new cycle based of the relevant data word from the W section and the older A[i-4] and E[i-4] are not relevant anymore.

Therefore, a new job can get into a single-column state waterfall every 4 cycles. In this implementation, the state words are structured in rows.

Row 0 includes four couples of A[0] and E[0] state bitcoin miner reference designation of respective four jobs, in row [k] there are four couples of the A[k] and E[k] state words. This structure allows a job injection every cycle, each time to the next column in the row. In this implementation, the state words are arranged in rows, such that four couples of A[0] and E[0] state words of the four processed jobs are in row 0 and so on, i. The A-F values are demultiplexed in order to feed the relevant values for the selected column bitcoin miner reference designation and creating new A and E according to the logic described with reference to Figure 4.

On each cycle, the subsequent column i in row k is selected until the end of row k is reached after bitcoin miner reference designation cycles and so forth. As shown in Figure 10, the waterfall implementations enable a large amount of jobs to be processed concurrently, wherein each job "falls" towards the 64 th stage in each cycle, thus allowing a new job to enter, to another column on each cycle.

As indicated in blockthe method may include receiving an input data block to a data pipeline, the data block may include a sequence of data words including X data words, wherein X is a known number. For example, the input data block may include 16 words of 32 bits each. As indicated in blockthe method may include calculating, in every bitcoin miner reference designation cycle of the clock module, a new data word based on the last calculated X data words.

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