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In music , sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. By the late s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, a computer program is more commonly used.
However, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. The inclusion of sampling tools in modern digital production methods increasingly introduced sampling into many genres of popular music, as well as genres predating the invention of sampling, such as classical music , jazz and various forms of traditional music.
Often "samples" consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break , which is then used to construct the beat for another song. For instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples from rock recordings have also been the basis of new songs; for example, the drum introduction from Led Zeppelin 's " When the Levee Breaks " was sampled by artists such as the Beastie Boys , Dr.
Samples can also consist of spoken words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows and advertising. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings. A number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The musicians in the trip hop band Portishead , for example, made some use of existing samples, but also scratched , manipulated and sampled musical parts they themselves had originally played in order to construct their songs.
The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically. Experimental musicians who pioneered the technique in the s to the s sometimes did not inform or receive permission from the subjects of their field recordings or from copyright owners before constructing a musical piece out of these samples. In the s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. As the genre became a recorded form centred on rapping in the s and subsequently went mainstream, it became necessary to pay to obtain legal clearance for samples, which was difficult for all but the most successful DJs, producers and rappers.
As a result, a number of recording artists ran into legal trouble for uncredited samples, while the restrictiveness of current US copyright laws and their global impact on creativity also came under increased scrutiny.
Aside from legal issues, sampling has been both championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with some critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a wide variety of opinions about the practice, both for and against sampling.
Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped i. Types of samples include:. The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together.
Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties.
Such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is a typical application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument. There is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, this type of sample is usually a single note.
Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch.
Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds. See sample-based synthesis for more information. Most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians. These are usually developed by the manufacturer of the instrument or by a subcontractor who specializes in creating such samples.
There are businesses and individuals who create libraries of samples of musical instruments. Of course, a sampler allows anyone to create such samples. Possibly the earliest equipment used to sample recorded instrument sounds are the Chamberlin , which was developed in the s, and its better-known cousin, the Mellotron , marketed in England in the s. Both are tape replay keyboards , in which each key pressed triggers a prerecorded tape recording of a single note.
Musicians can reproduce the same samples of break beats like the "Amen" break which was composed, produced and mastered by The Winstons in s. Producers in the early s have used the whole 5.
Sampler production companies have managed to use these samples for pitch, attack and decay and DSP effects to each drum sound. These features allow producers to manipulate samples to match other parts of the composition. Most sample sets consist of multiple samples at different pitches. These are combined into keymaps , that associate each sample with a particular pitch or pitch range.
Often, these sample maps may have different layers as well, so that different velocities can trigger a different sample. Samples used in musical instruments sometimes have a looped component. An instrument with indefinite sustain, such as a pipe organ, does not need to be represented by a very long sample because the sustained portion of the timbre is looped.
The sampler or other sample playback instrument plays the attack and decay portion of the sample followed by the looped sustain portion for as long as the note is held, then plays the release portion of the sample. To conserve polyphony , a workstation may allow the user to sample a layer of sounds piano, strings, and voices, for example so they can be played together as one sound instead of three.
This leaves more of the instruments' resources available to generate additional sounds. To create a melody on software synthesizer or a sampler, the original sound is manipulated by changing its pitch.
In some cases this is the cause of unnatural sound which doesn't meet the sound realism requirements for human perception. To reproduce sound as close as possible to the sound of original instrument, along with its specific character and to help with Musical tuning finetuning , multi-sampling technique has been developed.
This kind of samples are in form of complex libraries containing several octaves or even all the sounds recorded from the instrument, note-by-note.
This method of sample playback is to construct a playable instrument, or emulation of another instrument, from a sampler or computer. Sampling is now commonplace across a wide variety of musical genres. The use of sampling in popular music dates back to Jamaican dub music in the s, when dub producers such as King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry began using pre-recorded samples of reggae rhythms to produce new riddim tracks, which were then deejayed over.
The related technique of interpolation , where melodies and lyrics are re-performed and re-recorded, rather than using pre-recorded samples, dates back to pop music in the late s. A well-known early example of interpolation is " All You Need Is Love " by The Beatles , in , which begins with the intro to the French national anthem and ends with them interpolating their own hit " She Loves You ".
Big Audio Dynamite introduced the use of sampling to alternative dance beginning with their debut album This Is Big Audio Dynamite. In many cases, artists even join the original artist or receive permission to sample songs such as Coolio did for " Gangsta's Paradise ".
It sampled the chorus and music of the song " Pastime Paradise " by Stevie Wonder Wonder performed the song with Coolio and L. The single also borrows the melody from the well-known American spiritual " I'll Fly Away. By the late s, "Puffy" was receiving criticism for watering down and overly commercializing hip-hop and overusing guest appearances by other artists, samples and interpolations of past hits in his own hit songs.
Artists can often sample their own songs in other songs they have recorded, often in differently titled remixes. In the late s, then- N. Dre was already experimenting the use of samples from s Moog synthesizer —based funk songs, such as " Funky Worm " by the Ohio Players , which he first sampled on N.
A's " Dopeman " in Later on, he mastered that sound creating a whole subgenre of hip-hop, G-funk , based on high-pitched synthesizer solos and sampling whole parts of one song to create another, creating a simple sound, rather than the dense sound of many samples in one song, then used by The Bomb Squad. The "G-funk" style dominated hip-hop from to , through multi-platinum album releases such as Dr.
Dre took a whole new direction away from sampling, moving to interpolating songs with the use of live instrumentation , and changing his sound to a much different style, which dominated his second multi-platinum album, 's The nine-piece nu metal band Slipknot has used samples.
A notable song where a sample is used is " sic ": Bush 's infamous "Read my lips" speech , making a statement about taxation endangering the "American Dream". Sampled songs from the s include the hits; Ariana Grande 's " Problem " samples the red alert sound effect from the TV series Star Trek: Usually taken from movies, television, or other non-musical media, spoken word samples are often used to create atmosphere, to set a mood, or even comic effect.
The American composer Steve Reich used samples from interviews with Holocaust survivors as a source for the melodies on the album Different Trains , performed by the Kronos Quartet. Many genres utilize sampling of spoken word to induce a mood, and Goa trance often employs samples of people speaking about the use of psychoactives , spirituality , or science fiction themes. The band Ministry frequently samples George W. Paul Hardcastle used recordings of a news reporter, as well as a soldier and ambient noise of a protest, in his single "Nineteen," a song about Vietnam war veterans and Posttraumatic stress disorder.
The band Negativland samples from practically every form of popular media, ranging from infomercials to children's records. Sludge band Dystopia make frequent use of samples, including news clips and recordings of junkies to create a bleak and nihilistic atmosphere.
Other bands that frequently used samples in their work are noise rockers Steel Pole Bath Tub and death metal band Skinless.
The extreme metal band Mortician makes extensive usage of horror movie samples, [24] which can sometimes be longer than the actual song itself. Kennedy , and Franklin D. Roosevelt in " Cult of Personality ". Some common examples include sirens and klaxons, locomotive whistles, natural sounds such as whale song, and cooing babies.
It is common in theatrical sound design to use this type of sampling to store sound effects that can then be triggered from a musical keyboard or other software.
This is very useful for high precision or nonlinear requirements. For example, the English composer Jonathan Harvey sampled a thunderclap for use in his opera , Wagner Dream. Sampling has been an area of contention from a legal perspective.
Early sampling artists simply used portions of other artists' recordings, without permission; once rap and other music incorporating samples began to make significant money, the original artists began to take legal action, claiming copyright infringement. Some sampling artists fought back, claiming their samples were fair use a legal doctrine in the USA that is not universal.
When groups started sampling songs that wouldn't pertain to black music , the art form of sampling began to receive criticism. Nelson George claims that "there is an evident racial aspect to this," while others claim that the Copyright Act of protects them.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about reusing existing sound recordings in creating new works.