Would you bully a driverless car or show it respect?

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Just as they will change healthcare, manufacturing, and the military, robots have the potential to produce big changes in policing. We can expect that at least some robots robot rage money makers by the police in the future will be artificially intelligent machines capable robot rage money makers using legitimate coercive force against human beings. Police robots may decrease dangers to police officers by removing them from potentially volatile situations.

Those suspected of crimes may also risk less injury if robots can assist the police in conducting safer detentions, arrests, and searches. At the same time, however, the use of robots introduces new questions about how the law and democratic norms should guide policing decisions—questions which have yet to be addressed in any systematic way.

How we design, regulate, or even prohibit some uses of police robots requires a regulatory agenda now to address foreseeable problems of the future. In JulyDallas police chief David Brown decided to end a violent standoff 1 with Micah Johnson, 2 who had fatally shot five officers and wounded several more, in an unusual way. Keep in mind that this improvised solution was a remotely controlled robot.

The robot was not designed to harm people, and it lacked any ability to make independent decisions. Consider a future in which robots could supplement or replace some basic police functions. An autonomous police vehicle patrols a neighborhood and briefly detains a person deemed suspicious so that an officer miles away can subject him to questioning. Rapid changes in technology have significantly shifted how police perform their jobs. The squad car and the two-way radio provided the police with a geographic range and communication ability far superior to traditional foot patrol.

Robot staff have already attended to guests at the Henn-na Hotel in Japan. As for policing, Dubai plans to introduce patrol robots with artificial intelligence to its streets by To be sure, advances in technology have always given police new powers.

Robots, however, may be different in robot rage money makers. Like the internet, robots raise new issues and robot rage money makers to the regulation of policing. Police robots raise special questions because of the powers we entrust to the police. If the development of military robots provides any guidance, then we can expect some police robots to be artificially intelligent machines capable of using legitimate coercive force against human beings.

We will not expect police robots to exercise deadly force against a hostile enemy. More importantly, constitutional law and democratic norms constrain the police.

Sophisticated and inexpensive robotics will be attractive to the police just as they have been to the military. This Article considers the law and policy implications of a future where police robots are sophisticated, cheap, and widespread.

In particular, I focus on questions raised by the use of robots able to use coercive force, as opposed to robots with surveillance or other support functions. Drawing upon the rapidly developing body of robotics law scholarship, as well as upon technological advances in military robotics—from which policing will surely borrow—we can anticipate the kinds of regulatory challenges we will face with the future of police robots.

The definition of a police robot depends on the definition of the term robot itself. Robots can look like humans, animals, or insects; they can provide information, fire upon an enemy, or engage robot rage money makers financial trades.

An emerging consensus has suggested, however, that a robot be defined as any machine that can collect information, process it, and use it to act upon robot rage money makers world.

Some military robots, for instance, may assume the shape of four legged centaurs to enhance stability. That robots might look alive and act in unpredictable ways also distinguishes them from other technologies. Those special attributes of robots might counsel robot-specific robot rage money makers. First, the physicality of robots enables them to translate their data analysis into action.

Robots act upon the world: They can lift objects, transport people, create art, and engage in commerce. And unlike other robots that may cause real-world harm through accident, 43 police robots—at least some of them—will be designed with the capacity to exercise deliberate coercive force. That physicality creates new operational possibilities for the police, but it also raises new types of concerns when autonomous machines may be able to harm people by design.

Second, robots with artificial intelligence will behave in ways that are not necessarily predictable to their human creators. At one end of the spectrum, a robot may be a glorified vacuum cleaner, robot rage money makers to robot rage money makers the drudgery of housecleaning. Microsoft quickly disabled its social chatbot Tay after it incorporated online responses and began spouting racist speech and called for genocide online.

Artificial intelligence by itself is not unique to robotics. We can already feel the impact of big data—applying complex computer algorithms to massive sets of digitized data—in fields like finance, healthcare, and even policing. A number of police departments already use artificial intelligence in software that tries to identify future geographic locations where crime will occur, to predict which individuals may be at highest risk for violent crime commission or victimization, and to identify which among the billions of daily Internet posts amount to suspicious behavior.

Robots with artificial intelligence are distinct because they would be able to translate their analysis of data into physical action.

Third, robots are different from other technologies because they are in appearance somewhere between robot rage money makers objects and humans.

Research suggests that we tend to approach robots as if they had human characteristics. We could deliberately design caretaking robots to be physically cute such as rounded shapes, humanoid faces to maximize their benefits, whether for children or the elderly. The ambivalence we feel toward robots might also counsel new legal characterizations particular to them.

We may think that a person smashing his lawn mower merely has an ill temper, but that a person abusing a social robot is cruel. Though we may not mistake robots for humans yet, we may soon reach a point where machines endowed with artificial intelligence may need protection from robot rage money makers abuse.

The future of robotic policing can now be found in developments within the military. Singer has chronicled these changes in great detail, and argues that military robots will change not just the tools we use to fight wars, but the very nature of war itself.

Robots are in use in active conflicts around the world. Unlike people, robots can go places without compromising the safety of soldiers. Unmanned submarines can launch smaller autonomous robots to look for hostile ships while drawing less attention to themselves than human-operated subs.

Robots can also behave in ways that humans cannot easily mimic. Scientists are always looking to enhance solider stamina. In the s, a solution was amphetamines; today, it is Adderall. Robots do not harbor revenge or rage. Robotics researchers are working on autonomous vehicles for the air, robot rage money makers, and land that can operate for days and weeks on end. That relentless attention to task may have other strategic benefits as well, although how exactly remains unclear.

How will human combatants facing tireless robotic soldiers feel? Enemy forces may buckle in the face of robotic soldiers that cannot die and do not retreat. Robot rage money makers unique characteristics of robots will also shape fundamental military tactics. Robotic swarms can work this way, without sophisticated programming. In a swarm, robots could assemble together rapidly as a unit, and then just as quickly disperse to continue with surveillance missions.

What develops first in the military often finds its way to domestic policing. There has long been a close relationship between both the culture and institutions of the military and law enforcement. This military influence extends to specific tactics and technologies used by the police.

While the federal Posse Comitatus law 71 forbids the use of the robot rage money makers for civilian policing, military equipment and training has trickled down to police departments through other means. Former LAPD chief Daryl Gates, credited with establishing the first SWAT teams, brought in ex-Marines to help train these small groups of officers to act and dress like soldiers in volatile situations.

Imagine police robots that could surround a suspicious person or even halt a speeding car. Consider further that such a swarm would be capable robot rage money makers using some form of coercive force to prevent an unwillingly detained person from flight.

Even if this use of robots is still just a robot rage money makers, we can anticipate the kinds of legal and policy challenges that might arise. Third, how might the use of robot rage money makers robots affect legal determinations like reasonable force? Fourth, will police robot use further reinforce the social inequities in policing? Finally, how can we develop a uniform approach to policing police robots?

How much should police delegate decisions about force and coercion to their own robots? No consumer today fears their housekeeping Roomba, and even the most advanced private security robot available now could be disabled by a swift kick. But technology changes fast. Not every robot will display such capabilities. Greater degrees of autonomy in military robotics seem inevitable.

Imagine a phalanx of military robots controlled by one human operator, perhaps thousands of miles away. As a result, fewer human lives are placed at risk. Such robots would not increase efficiency if each required an independent human operator.

On the battlefield, some decisions must be made within fractions of a second. Waiting for human approval or veto may be critical time wasted, particularly if a robot must calculate how and whether to launch a counterattack. Robot rage money makers involvement in such a case might take the form of a veto power, if at all. Current military research already supports the development of robots with greater degrees of autonomy. One research goal of the Pentagon is to robot rage money makers linked autonomous systems so that robots can communicate to one another in a rapidly changing environment.

In the military, autonomous drones could scan a combat area and communicate with ground robots to find suspicious places or people. The possibility that some robots capable of hurting or killing people will be capable of complex, independent action raises concerns, however.

In the near future, robots could make decisions in ways that we cannot easily control or understand. The question of human involvement is itself complicated, because artificial intelligence itself is becoming more complicated.

Armed robots with some degree of autonomy are also likely to be vulnerable to criminal interference hacking as well as malfunction. Our current experience with the security of electronic devices provides little assurance otherwise. For now, armed and independent military robots are not a reality in the military, but they are a concern.

Current military policy requires human involvement in any potentially lethal action. That restraint may give way easily if another hostile nation or terrorist group decides to use lethal autonomous robots against American soldiers.

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Many of the concepts and much of the story were conceived by Rodriguez's children. Max is a lonely child in the suburbs of Austin who creates an imaginary dreamworld named Planet Drool, where all of his dreams come to life. He creates two characters; Sharkboy, who was raised by sharks after losing his father at sea, and Lavagirl, who can produce fire and lava, but has trouble touching objects without setting them alight.

The two left Max to guard Planet Drool. In reality, Max's parents have little time for him, and their marital relationship is not going well. Max is also bullied by fellow schoolmate Linus.

However, he does receive friendship from Marissa, the daughter of his teacher Mr. Electricidad, whose name is Spanish for "electricity". After a chase, Linus steals Max's dream journal where all of his most precious dreams are kept and vandalizes it.

The next day, as Max attempts to retaliate, twin tornadoes form outside the school. Sharkboy and Lavagirl emerge from the tornadoes and have Max accompany them to Planet Drool, which he learns is turning bad because of Mr. Electric, the dreamworld's now-corrupt electrician. Electric, who drops them in the Dream Graveyard, where some of Max's dreams have been dumped.

They find Tobor, a robot toy that Max never finished building in the real world after being discouraged by his father. Tobor gives them a lift to other parts of the planet. The three form a friendship during their journey, but they face hardships, such as Sharkboy's anger for the oceans being frozen over, and Lavagirl's desperation to find her true purpose on Planet Drool. They are pursued by Mr. Electric and his "plughounds" across the planet.

They plan to visit the Ice Princess and obtain the Crystal Heart, which can freeze time, giving them enough time to get to the center of Planet Drool and fix the dreamworld using Max's daydreaming.

However, they are captured by Mr. Electric, and delivered to Linus's Planet Drool incarnation Minus, who has altered the dreamworld with Max's own dream journal, and traps the three in a cage.

Sharkboy gets annoyed by Minus and has a shark frenzy, destroying the cage. After they escape, Max retrieves the dream journal from Minus while he is sleeping. Max informs Sharkboy that his father is alive in his book, but when Lavagirl wishes to learn what it says about her true identity, she burns the book to ash. In rage, Lavagirl asks Max why she was made out of lava, but Sharkboy tells him to let her cool down. She hands over the Crystal Heart, but they are too late to stop the corruption since the ice princess is the only one who can use the Crystal Heart's power, and she cannot leave her home.

Electric fools Sharkboy into jumping into water filled with electric eels, seemingly killing him. Lavagirl also dies after jumping into the water to retrieve Sharkboy. Tobor appears and convinces Max to dream a better and unselfish dream, which in turn revives Sharkboy, who then races Lavagirl to a volcano to revive her. Max concludes that her purpose is as a light against the dark clouds which have engulfed Planet Drool's skies. Max gains reality warping as the Daydreamer and defeats Minus, then offers to make a better dreamworld between the two of them, to which Minus agrees.

Electric refuses to accept the new dreamworld, and flies to Earth to kill Max while he is dreaming. Max awakens back in his classroom during the tornado storm. Electric materializes, and Max's parents get sucked into the storm, but are saved by Sharkboy and Lavagirl. Electricidad, Linus and Max make peace with one another, and Max reunites with his parents. Max later informs his class that Planet Drool became a proper dreamworld again, Sharkboy became the King of the Ocean, and Lavagirl became Queen of the Volcanoes, and as the film shows Max finally finishing Tobor, he reminds the class to "dream a better dream, and work to make it real".

Robert Rodriguez has an uncredited role voicing a shark. As seen in the credits, two of Robert Rodriguez's children, Rebel and Racer, portray Sharkboy at age five and age seven respectively. Rico Torres plays Sharkboy's father. Marc Musso and Shane Graham play children at Max's school.

Parts of the film were shot on location in Texas, where Max resides and goes to school in the film. Much of the film was shot in a studio against green screen.

Most of the ships, landscapes and other effects including some creatures and characters, were accomplished digitally. According to Lautner and Dooley, when filming the scene with the dream train, the front part of the train was an actual physical set piece.

Robert Rodriguez appears in the credits fourteen times, most notably as director, a producer, a screenwriter along with Marcel Rodriguez , visual effects supervisor, director of photography, editor, a camera operator, and a composer and performer. The story is credited to Racer Max Rodriguez, with additional story elements by Rebecca Rodriguez, who also wrote the lyrics for the main song, "Sharkboy and Lavagirl".

Other members of the Rodriguez family can be seen in the film or were involved in the production. Miley Cyrus had auditioned for the film with Lautner, and said it came down to her and another girl who was also auditioning; however, Cyrus began production on Hannah Montana. It also was placed 5 at the box office, being overshadowed by Mr. Smith , Madagascar , Star Wars: The Total Nonstop Action professional wrestler Dean Roll , who trademarked the name "Shark Boy" in , sued Miramax on June 8, , claiming that his trademark had been infringed and demanding "[any] money, profits and advantages wrongfully gained".

Director Robert Rodriguez composed parts of the score himself, with contributions by composers John Debney and Graeme Revell. Around the time of the film's debut Rodriguez co-wrote a series of children's novels entitled Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures with acclaimed science fiction writer Chris Roberson.

They are illustrated throughout by Alex Toader, who designed characters and environments for the film and the previous Spy Kids franchise. In the first book, the story of the film is told from Lavagirl's and Sharkboy's perspective, with at least one new event. In Return to Planet Drool , Sharkboy, remembering his encounter with the Imagineer in the first book, continues the search for his father by seeking to return to the Dream World.

He meets a very bored Lavagirl in the underwater city of Vent, where she now reigns as queen, and together they embark on a subterranean journey. They encounter piranhas, a gargantuan red bear, and a city of inhabited by the dreams of bygone eras, where they are held captive by superheroes, pirates, and cowboys.

By the end, after learning the city's secrets, Sharkboy still hopes to find his father, and Lavagirl the secrets of her origin. The Movie Storybook by Racer Max Rodriguez and Robert Rodriguez , as a far cry from the usual movie storybook tie-in, and also praised Alex Toader's "cartoony yet detailed" illustrations. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl Theatrical release poster. Troublemaker Studios Dimension Films Lionsgate.

Retrieved April 6, George Lopez and Robert Rodriguez". Smith' Honeymoons at the Top". Retrieved May 17, Sharkboy and Lavagirl Adventures: Return to Planet Drool. Cover design and illustrations by Alex Toader. The Movie Storybook ". Works of Robert Rodriguez. From Dusk Till Dawn 2: From Dusk till Dawn: Retrieved from " https: Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March Views Read Edit View history.

In other projects Wikiquote. This page was last edited on 25 April , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Sin City Sin City The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D Planet Terror Planet Terror Robert Rodriguez , John Debney. Shark Boy and the Lava Girls.