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Network Time Protocol

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Network Time Protocol NTP is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switchedvariable- latency data networks. In operation since beforeNTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. NTP was designed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware.

NTP can usually maintain time to within tens of milliseconds over the public Internetand can achieve better than one millisecond accuracy in local area networks under ideal conditions.

The protocol is usually described in terms of a client-server modelbut can as easily be used in peer-to-peer relationships where both peers consider the other to be a potential time source. Innetwork time synchronization technology was used in what was possibly the first public demonstration of Internet services running over a trans-Atlantic satellite network, at the National Computer Conference in New York.

The technology was first deployed in a local area network as part of the Hello routing protocol and implemented in the Fuzzball routeran experimental operating system used in network prototyping, where it ran for many years. Other related network tools were available both then and now. More complete synchronization systems, although lacking NTP's data analysis and clock disciplining algorithms, include the Unix daemon timedwhich uses an election algorithm to appoint a server for all the clients; [7] and the Digital Time Synchronization Service DTSSwhich uses a hierarchy of servers similar to the NTP stratum model.

Despite the relatively slow computers and networks available at the time, accuracy of better than milliseconds was usually obtained on Atlantic spanning links, with accuracy of tens of milliseconds on Ethernet networks. Inthe NTPv1 architecture, protocol and algorithms were brought to the attention of a wider engineering community with the publication of an article by David L. It introduced a management protocol and cryptographic authentication scheme which have both survived into NTPv4.

Their alternative design included Marzullo's algorithma modified version of which was promptly added to NTP. The RFC included an analysis of all sources of error, from the reference clock down to the final client, which enabled the calculation of a metric that helps choose the best server where several candidates appear to disagree.

Broadcast mode was introduced. In subsequent years, as new features were added and algorithm improvements were made, it became apparent that a new protocol version was required. The protocol has significantly moved on since then, and as ofan updated RFC has yet to be published.

NTP uses a hierarchical, semi-layered system of time sources. Each level of this hierarchy is termed a stratum and is assigned a number starting with zero for the reference clock at the top. The number represents the distance from the reference clock and is used to prevent cyclical dependencies in the hierarchy. Stratum is not always an indication of quality or reliability; it is common to find stratum 3 time sources that are higher quality than other stratum 2 time sources.

The upper limit for stratum is 15; stratum 16 is used to indicate that a device is unsynchronized. The NTP algorithms on each computer interact to construct a Bellman-Ford shortest-path spanning treeto minimize the accumulated round-trip delay to the stratum 1 servers for all the clients. NTP uses an epoch of January 1, so the first rollover will be on February 7, Future versions of NTP may extend the time representation to bits: According to Mills, "the 64 bit value for the fraction is enough to resolve the amount of time it takes a photon to pass an electron at the speed of light.

The 64 bit second value is enough to provide unambiguous time representation until the universe goes dim. A typical NTP client will regularly poll three or more servers on diverse networks. To synchronize its clock, the client must compute their time offset and round-trip delay. Outliers are discarded and an estimate of time offset is derived from the best three remaining candidates.

The clock frequency is then adjusted to reduce the offset gradually, creating a feedback loop. The synchronization is correct when both the incoming and outgoing routes between the client and the server have symmetrical nominal delay. If the routes do not have a common nominal delay, there will be a systematic bias of half the difference between the forward and backward travel times. The NTP reference implementationalong with the protocol, has been continuously developed for over 20 years.

Backwards compatibility has been maintained as new features have been added. It contains several sensitive algorithms, especially to discipline the clock, that can misbehave when synchronized to servers that use different algorithms.

The software has been ported to almost every computing platform, including personal computers. The table shows common time reference indentifiers refid codes. Other refid codes can be defined and encountered. It is used in some embedded devices and in applications where full NTP capability is not required.

The W32Time service was originally implemented for the purpose of the Kerberos version 5 authentication protocol, which required time to be within 5 minutes of the correct value to prevent replay attacks. Whilst it is aimed more closely at the simpler generic needs of OpenBSD users, it also includes some protocol security improvements whilst still being compatible with existing NTP servers. It was originally designed for OpenBSD but has a portable version available and that has been made available as a package in Linux package repositories.

As of Juneno official release was done yet, but ntimed can synchronize clocks reliably. NTPsec is a fork of the reference implementation that has been systematically security-hardened. The fork point was in June and was in response to a rash of compromises in ; as ofthe software is in beta testing.

Chrony comes by default in Red Hat distributions [31] and is available in the Ubuntu repositories [32]. Chrony is aimed at ordinary computers, which are unstable, go into sleep mode or have intermittent connection to the Internet. Chrony is also designed for virtual machines, a much more unstable environment. It has two main components: It has been evaluated as very safe and with just a few incidents [33]its advantage is the versatility of its code, written from scratch to avoid the complexity of code [34].

On the day of a leap second event, ntpd receives notification from either a configuration file, an attached reference clock, or a remote server. Because of the requirement that time must appear to be monotonically increasinga leap second is inserted with the sequence Although the clock is actually halted during the event, any processes that query the system time cause it to increase by a tiny amount, preserving the order of events.

If a negative leap second should ever become necessary, it would be deleted with the sequence Several security concerns arose in late Previously, researchers became aware that NTP servers can be susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks unless packets are cryptographically signed for authentication.

Similar to the DNS amplification attackthe server responds with a much larger reply that allows an attacker to substantially increase the amount of data being sent to the target. To avoid participating in an attack, servers can be configured to ignore external queries, or they can be upgraded to version 4. A stack-based buffer overflow exploit was discovered and a patch is available as of December 19, This includes all NTP Version 4 releases before version 4.

In the case of version Some errors are basic, such as a missing return statement in a routine, that can lead to unlimited access to systems that are running some versions of NTP in the root daemon. Systems that do not use the root daemon, such as BSD, are not subject to this flaw.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Not to be confused with Daytime Protocol or Time Protocol. NTP server misuse and abuse. Mills 12 December Computer Network Time Synchronization: The Network Time Protocol.

Computer Network Time Synchronization". Mills 15 November Is A Foundation The Answer? Retrieved April 4, Best Practices White Paper". Retrieved 15 October Mills 12 May Retrieved 24 September Improvement of NTP time offset under the asymmetric network with double packets method. Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements. Protocol and Algorithms Specification". Retrieved 4 June Red Hat Enterprise Linux Blog. Archived from the original on 30 July Retrieved 19 November Starting with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.

Archived from the original on 19 November Archived from the original pdf on 5 October Withstanding eleven full days of on-remote testing in August of means that Chrony is robust, strong, and developed with security in mind. Archived from the original on 28 October TuxFamily, a non-profit organization. Archived from the original on 9 December Retrieved 11 October Retrieved Apr 29, Retrieved from " https: Network time-related software Internet Standards Application layer protocols.

All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February Articles with permanently dead external links All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from May All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September Views Read Edit View history.

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By day, a simple software engineer. By night, also a software engineer. This guide is out of date. This post describes mining Sia with a desktop graphics card GPU , but custom mining hardware is now available for Sia. The custom hardware has made Sia GPU mining non-viable. This guide will still work, but you may never reach payout, even with a high-end GPU.

Sia is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for buying and selling computer storage space. Users pay for transactions within Sia using a cryptocurrency called Siacoin. These miners are paid for their contributions in Siacoin.

I estimate that it only takes about 20 minutes to get started with mining. It may be installed already, as it is included with many AMD drivers, but to ensure you have the latest version, follow the steps below. There are a few different Siacoin miners to choose from, but they all offer similar features and performance. This verifies that your GPU library is installed correctly and your miner is able to access it. There are currently two main options for Siacoin wallets, which I describe below.

The fastest way to create a Siacoin wallet is to use Bittrex , a cryptocurrency exchange. Bittrex provides a web wallet, so you can create an account and generate a Siacoin wallet instantly.

The downside is that you have to trust Bittrex to keep your Siacoin secure. There have not been any major security breaches at Bittrex that cost their customers money, but many other exchanges have had issues with this, and Bittrex is by no means immune.

I recommend starting with Bittrex as you build familiarity with Siacoin and mining. Developed and maintained by the Sia developers, it is the most secure and powerful Sia wallet available though this is somewhat by virtue of it being the only Windows wallet available.

At this point, Sia-UI will likely still be synchronizing with the rest of the network. First-time synchronization is sloooooow. It can take hours to days to get synchronized depending on your disk speed and network connection. In the Description, type Mining revenues or whatever label you prefer:.

Sia will now show your Siacoin receiving address labeled Mining revenues. This is because mining consumes all available graphics resources, which makes it difficult for you to use your computer normally.

Instead, you can use a handy feature built in to Windows called Task Scheduler. Configuring a scheduled task is a bit tedious. This will create a pre-populated task for you with the correct settings for your Siacoin miner.

With this task created, your PC will mine Siacoin automatically any time you leave the mouse and keyboard untouched for ten minutes. As soon as you touch the mouse or keyboard, mining stops so as not to interfere with your normal usage.

Mining is a game of chance. Your machine is doing repeated calculations with random numbers hoping to discover a solution to an equation that the Siacoin network needs at the given moment.

A solution is found roughly once every ten minutes, but due to the number of miners active, it is possible for your miner to go months without getting lucky and stumbling on a solution. This guide configures your miner to participate in the Luxor mining pool to give you a more regular and predictable mining income stream. With a mining pool, all participants implicitly agree to share effort and share rewards proportionally. The Luxor mining pool takes a 0.

When the unpaid balance for your wallet address reaches Siacoin, the pool pays out your rewards. Within six hours, you will see a deposit in your wallet for a little over Siacoin. My particular GPU reaches the payout threshold about once every two weeks as of November Your experience will vary depending on the performance of your GPU, the percentage of time your miner is running, and the number of other active Siacoin miners.

You need to convert your Siacoin in two stages:. Bitcoin has been around longer and the ecosystem is much more mature, so you have several options for cashing out your Bitcoins. Bitcoin exchanges are beyond the scope of this post, but here are a few places to start.

A more comprehensive list is available at bitcoin. The tables below show estimated mining performance of different GPUs. These numbers are based on anonymous, self-reported data from a mix of systems, aggregated from Sia mining wikis. I do not recommend buying a GPU for the express purpose of mining Siacoin.

These variables can change drastically at any time. Another way of earning Siacoin is by renting out your unused hard disk space. Having trouble getting up and running? Here are some common issues readers have run into and how to fix them. When you run marlin. This usually happens because the mining settings are too intense for your GPU. To fix this, follow the steps below. If it succeeds, repeat these steps with increasing intensity until you find the highest intensity that is still stable.

This can happen if the mining settings are too intense for your GPU. To fix this, follow the same steps for Miner crashes immediately. On February 1st, I quit. It was because they refused to buy me a Christmas present. With no idea what I was doing, I hired a cartoonist to illustrate my blog. The results were surprisingly positive.

Silly Bits Blog About Projects. Michael Lynch By day, a simple software engineer. Overview Sia is a decentralized, peer-to-peer network for buying and selling computer storage space. Install a Siacoin miner There are a few different Siacoin miners to choose from, but they all offer similar features and performance. To install Marlin, follow the steps below: Go to the Marlin miner download page. When the download completes, open it and unzip to C: Type cmd and hit Enter. In the Command Prompt, type the following: Be the first to know when I post cool stuff Subscribe to get my latest articles by email.

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