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Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. AMD is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara , California , that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets.
While initially it manufactured its own processors, the company later outsourced its manufacturing, a practice known as fabless , after GlobalFoundries was spun off in AMD's main products include microprocessors , motherboard chipsets , embedded processors and graphics processors for servers , workstations and personal computers, and embedded systems applications.
AMD is the second-largest supplier and only significant rival to Intel in the market for x86 -based microprocessors. Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated on May 1, , by Jerry Sanders , along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild Semiconductor. In November , the company manufactured its first product, the Am, a 4-bit MSI shift register , which began selling in AMD went public in September Intel had created the first microprocessor , its 4-bit , in In , AMD entered into a joint venture with Siemens , a German engineering conglomerate wishing to enhance its technology expertise and enter the U.
Intel had introduced the first x86 microprocessors in The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a royalty to the developing company. The company continued to spend greatly on research and development, [58] and in addition to other breakthrough products, created the world's first K EPROM in By mid, however, the microchip market experienced a severe downturn, mainly due to long-term aggressive trade practices dumping from Japan, but also due to a crowded and non-innovative chip market in the U.
In , it introduced its own compatible Am , an AMD-designed chip. Creating its own chips, AMD began to compete directly with Intel. AMD had a large and successful flash memory business, even during the dotcom bust.
The transaction completed on October 25, In October , AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of a multibillion-dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co. The new venture is called GlobalFoundries Inc. On October 8, , AMD announced that Rory Read had stepped down after three years as president and chief executive officer.
Effective July 1, , AMD reorganized into two business groups: Computing and Graphics, which primarily includes desktop and notebook processors and chipsets, discrete GPUs, and professional graphics; and Enterprise, Embedded and Semi-Custom, which primarily includes server and embedded processors, dense servers, semi-custom SoC products including solutions for gaming consoles , engineering services, and royalties. In February , AMD signed a contract with Intel , becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of and processors.
AMD later produced the Am under the same arrangement. In Intel, in order to shore up its advantage in the marketplace, internally decided to no longer cooperate with AMD in supplying product information, and delayed and eventually refused to convey the technical details of the Intel to AMD. Another long legal dispute followed, ending in when the Supreme Court of California sided with the arbitrator and AMD. In , AMD introduced the first of the Am family of processors, [20] which proved popular with a large number of original equipment manufacturers , including Compaq , which signed an exclusive agreement using the Am Finally, in an agreement effective , AMD received the rights to the microcode in Intel's x and x processor families, but not the rights to the microcode in the following generations of processors.
AMD's first in-house x86 processor was the K5 , which was launched in In comic books, the only substance which could harm Superman was Kryptonite.
This is a reference to Intel's hegemony over the market, i. Trademark and Patent Office had ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx The result was the K6 processor, introduced in Unlike previous AMD processors, it could not be used on the same motherboards as Intel's, due to licensing issues surrounding Intel's Slot 1 connector, and instead used a Slot A connector, referenced to the Alpha processor bus.
It has since been migrated upward to all new sockets, up to AM3. On October 9, , the Athlon XP was released. The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a bit extension to the x86 instruction set called x , AMD64, or x64 , the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high performance point-to-point interconnect called HyperTransport , as part of the Direct Connect Architecture.
The technology was initially launched as the Opteron server-oriented processor on April 22, Further updates involved improvements to the microarchitecture, and a shift of target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems.
In , AMD started to release dual-core Sempron processors exclusively in China, branded as the Sempron series, with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache. Thus AMD completed its dual-core product portfolio for each market segment.
After K8 came K K10 processors came in dual-core, triple-core , [] and quad-core versions, with all cores on a single die. The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had, including a low clock speed, a small L3 cache and a Cool'n'Quiet bug that decreased performance. The Magny Cours and Lisbon server parts were released in Magny Cours is focused on performance while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt.
This will use a new G34 socket for dual and quad socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx series processors. Lisbon uses C32 socket certified for dual socket use or single socket use only and thus will be marketed as Opteron 41xx processors.
Both will be built on a 45 nm SOI process. The initiative intended to move some of the processing originally done on the CPU e. Llano was the second APU released, [] targeted at the mainstream market.
AMD suffered an unexpected decrease in revenue based on production problems for the Llano. This family 15h microarchitecture is the successor to the family 10h K10 microarchitecture design.
Bulldozer is designed from scratch, not a development of earlier processors. AMD claims dramatic performance-per-watt efficiency improvements in high-performance computing HPC applications with Bulldozer cores. While hopes were very high that Bulldozer would bring AMD to be performance competitive with archrival Intel once more, most benchmarks were disappointing. In some cases the new Bulldozer products were slower than the K10 model they were built to replace. The Piledriver microarchitecture was the successor to Bulldozer, increasing clock speeds and performance relative to its predecessor.
In , the Excavator microarchitecture replaced Piledriver. The Bobcat microarchitecture was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in Computex and was put into production Q1 In , AMD announced it was working on an ARM architecture products, both as a semi-custom product and server product.
In , AMD also announced the K12 custom core for release in While ARM architecture development continued, products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned, in preference to the development of AMD's x86 based Zen microarchitecture. Zen is a new architecture for x based Ryzen series CPUs and APUs, introduced in by AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by Jim Keller , beginning with his arrival in , and taping out before his departure in September Because of this, Zen is much more energy efficient.
Also new for this architecture is the implementation of simultaneous multithreading SMT technology, something Intel has had for years on some of their processors with their proprietary Hyper-Threading implementation of SMT. This is a departure from the " Clustered MultiThreading " design introduced with the Bulldozer architecture.
Zen also has support for DDR4 memory. In early January , it was reported that AMD processors are subject to the two variants of the security flaw dubbed Spectre. AMD originally acknowledged vulnerability to one of the Spectre variants GPZ variant 1 , but stated that vulnerability to another GPZ variant 2 had not been demonstrated on AMD processors, claiming it posed a "near zero risk of exploitation" due to differences in AMD architecture.
In March , security flaws specific to AMD's Zen microarchitecture were announced, which exploited vulnerabilities in the chips' secure enclave and ASMedia designed chipset. In , the Mach64 accelerator debuted, powering the Graphics Xpression and Graphics Pro Turbo, offering hardware support for YUV -to- RGB color space conversion in addition to hardware zoom; early techniques of hardware-based video acceleration.
This chip was based on the Mach 64, but it featured elemental 3D acceleration. The All-in-Wonder product line introduced in , was the first combination of integrated graphics chip with TV tuner card and the first chip that enabled to display computer graphics on a TV set. ATI entered the mobile computing sector by introducing 3D-graphics acceleration to laptops in The Mobility product line had to meet requirements different from those of desktop PCs, such as minimized power usage, reduced heat output, TMDS output capabilities for laptop screens, and maximized integration.
The Radeon line of graphics products was unveiled in The initial Radeon graphics processing unit offered an all-new design with DirectX 7. Technology developed for a specific Radeon generation could be built in varying levels of features and performance in order to provide products suited for the entire market range, from high-end to budget to mobile versions. They also created a modified version of the chip codenamed Hollywood for the successor of the GameCube , the Wii. Later in , ATI acquired Terayon's cable modem silicon intellectual property , strengthening their lead in the consumer digital television market.
Ho remained as Chairman of the Board until he retired in November This design replaced the previous fixed-function hardware of previous graphics cards with multipurpose, programmable shaders. Three generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from Customers pay a non-recurring engineering fee for design and development, and a purchase price for the resulting semi-custom products. In particular, AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics intellectual property.
Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in , AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations. The situation changed in with the release of Athlon 64 processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets.
The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in after releasing the AMD chipset, and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today, Nvidia and Broadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.
As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in , the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress and the Radeon Xpress chipsets. It was the industry's first to implement a HDMI 1. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15, , as part of the codenamed Spider desktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in spring as part of the codenamed Cartwheel platform.
It includes support for up to six SATA 6. AMD released new chipsets in to support the release of their new Ryzen products. This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance , several UMPC designs in Asia markets, as well as the OLPC XO-1 computer , an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.
Leveraging the high throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these server class processors have been targeted at high-end telecom and storage applications.